Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)是存在於所有活細胞中的輔酶。它在多種生物過程中起著重要作用,包括能量代謝和細胞信號傳導。 NAD+來源於B族維生素菸酸(也稱為維生素B3)。

NAD+作為一個輔酶發揮作用,這意味著它幫助酶完成其特定的化學反應。在這種能力下,NAD+參與氧化還原反應,涉及分子間電子的轉移。具體而言,NAD+可以接受電子(成為NADH)或捐贈電子(再生NAD+)。

NAD+的主要作用是在細胞呼吸中,這是細胞將營養物轉化為能量的過程。在葡萄糖和脂肪酸的分解過程中,NAD+接受電子和氫離子,成為NADH。然後,NADH將這些電子轉移到電子傳遞鏈中,其中能量用於生成細胞的主要能量分子三磷酸腺苷(ATP)。

NAD+還參與其他細胞過程,例如DNA修復、基因表達和細胞信號傳導。它作為酶類素的底物,調節與衰老、代謝和應激反應相關的重要細胞功能。

此外,NAD+可以通過不同途徑在細胞中合成,包括新生合成途徑和拯救途徑。在拯救途徑中,菸酸或其衍生物煙酰胺(NAM)可以通過一系列酶反應轉化為NAD+。

保持適當的NAD+水平對於細胞功能和整體健康至關重要。研究表明,NAD+水平可能隨著年齡的增長而下降,並且這種下降與各種與年齡相關的疾病有關。因此,人們越來越關注NAD+補充或激活NAD+代謝的潛在治療應用。

值得注意的是,最近的研究發現了NAD+的另一種形式,稱為NADP+(尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸酯)。 NADP+在合成反應(如生物合成和抗氧化防禦)中發揮特定作用,而NAD+主要在分解反應(如能量產生)中發揮作用。 NAD+和NADP+都是細胞代謝中的重要輔酶,在結構和功能上密切相關。

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how to learn Chinese medicine in English?

how to learn Chinese medicine in English?

Learning Chinese medicine is not just about memorizing facts but also about understanding the fundamental principles governing this ancient form of healing. Fortunately, thanks to the internet and other modern resources, it is now possible to learn Chinese medicine in English, even without any prior knowledge. In this article, we’ll explore how to get started with learning Chinese medicine in English, as well as some fun ways to go about it.

Unlocking the Secrets of Chinese Medicine

The first step to learning Chinese medicine in English is to understand the fundamentals of this ancient practice. The foundation of Chinese medicine is built on five elements: fire, water, metal, earth, and wood, and the balance between Yin and Yang. From this structure, you can learn the different organs, their functions, and how to diagnose and treat imbalances.

To get a deeper understanding, it is important to study the theories and principles of Chinese medicine. Popular books like The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine and The Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders offer great insight into the world of Chinese medicine and its various applications.

Chinese medicine also has its own language, which is based on the language of natural phenomena like seasons, weather, and animals. To really understand the nuances of Chinese medicine, it is important to familiarize yourself with these terms and their meanings.

Finally, it is a great idea to familiarize yourself with the tools used in Chinese medicine, such as acupuncture and moxibustion. Knowing how these tools work and why they are used can help you better understand the many applications of Chinese medicine.

Learning Chinese Medicine the Fun Way!

Learning Chinese medicine doesn’t have to be a chore. There are plenty of fun and engaging ways to get started. For instance, finding an online course or an in-person workshop that caters to your needs can be a great place to start.

Another great way to learn about Chinese medicine is to go on a trip to China, where you can immerse yourself in the culture and learn firsthand from local professionals. Even if you don’t have the time or money to go to China, you can still find plenty of online resources that teach Chinese medicine in English.

When learning Chinese medicine, it’s also a great idea to make use of the many apps and videos available online. These are a great way to make learning more interactive and engaging. You can also find plenty of online forums and discussion boards where you can share your knowledge and learn from others.

Finally, make sure to practice what you learn! Practicing Chinese medicine can help you gain a deeper understanding of the concepts and principles. You can do this by offering free treatments to friends and family, or by volunteering at a local clinic.

Learning Chinese medicine in English can be both fun and rewarding. With the right resources and guidance, you can quickly get started on your journey towards becoming a Chinese medicine practitioner. So take the plunge and start learning!

地黃

地黃

類別清熱涼血、涼血止血

【品種來源】

為玄參科多年生草本植物地黃 (Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.) 的塊狀根經蒸製而成。用生地加工蒸熟後叫熟地黃,簡稱熟地。別名酒壺花、山煙、山白菜。全株有白色長柔毛和腺毛。葉基生成叢,倒卵狀披針形,基部漸狹成柄,邊緣有不整齊鈍齒,葉面皺縮,下面略帶紫色。花莖由葉叢抽出,花序總狀;萼五淺裂;花冠鐘形,唇狀,紫紅色,內面常有黃色帶紫的條紋。蒴果球形或卵圓形,具花柱。花期 4∼6 月,果期 7∼8 月。 本品為不規則的塊片、碎塊,大小、厚薄不一。表面烏黑色,有光澤,粘性大。質柔軟而帶韌性,不易折斷,斷面烏黑色,有光澤。無臭,味甜。生於山坡、田埂、路旁。主產於河南、遼寧、河北、山東、浙江;多栽培秋季採挖,除去蘆頭、鬚根,為鮮生地;根烘熔至八成乾,內部變黑,捏成團狀,為生地黃;生地薰蒸至黑潤,為熟地黃。

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《EECP:改善血液循環的經典之道》

《EECP:改善血液循環的經典之道》

=== INTRO:
血液循環是人類身體健康的重要成分。血液循環被認為對防止心血管疾病至關重要,因此改善血液循環的緩解方法是極其重要的。本文將討論一種名為血流傳導技術(EECP)的緩解方法,它可以被用來改善血液循環。

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消化性潰瘍用藥健保藥品給付規定

消化性潰瘍用藥健保藥品給付規定

1.藥品種類:
(1)制酸懸浮劑:各廠牌瓶裝、袋裝制酸懸浮劑及袋裝顆粒制酸劑。
(2)乙型組織胺受體阻斷劑:各廠牌乙型組織胺受體阻斷劑之口服製劑與針劑。
(3)氫離子幫浦阻斷劑:各廠牌氫離子幫浦阻斷劑。
(4)細胞保護劑:如 gefarnate、cetraxate、carbenoxolone 等。
(5)其他消化性潰瘍用藥:
dibismuth trioxide, sucralfate, pirenzepine HCl, Gaspin,Caved-S, misoprostol, proglumide 及其他未列入之同類藥品,價格與其相當者比照辦理。

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老藥新用——六味地黃丸

六味地黃丸乃補腎名方,這一稱謂來自宋代名醫、兒科專家錢仲陽所著的《小兒藥證直訣》。六味地黃丸由熟地黃、山茱萸、山藥、澤瀉、牡丹、皮、茯苓六味中藥組成。最早是“八味地黃丸”,見於張仲景的《金匱要略》。錢仲陽把八味地黃丸裡面的附子和桂枝這兩味藥物去掉,變成了現在的六味地黃丸,用它來治療小兒先天不足,發育遲緩等病症。


  後來,明代中醫有一派非常推崇“腎”的作用,認為腎是人的“先天之本”。一時間,很多名醫倡導補腎,比如明代名醫薛己最善補腎,他就主張,腎陰虛用六味地黃丸,腎陽虛用八味地黃丸。薛己的實踐被許多後世醫家認可,他們倡導的補腎觀點對後世的影響非常大。
  隨著科技的發展和臨床上的應用,醫家發現了六味地黃丸的許多新功效。代表性的有增強免疫、抗衰老、抗疲勞、抗低溫、耐缺氧、降血脂、降血壓、降血糖、改善腎功能、促進新陳代謝及較強的強壯補益作用。於是六味地黃丸這個家喻戶曉的“老藥”就有了新的臨床治療用途,用於治療一些其他疾病。
  1.高血壓病用本方加減:熟地黃24克,山茱萸12克,山藥12克,牡丹皮9克,白茯苓9克,澤瀉9克,牛膝9克,肉桂3克。水煎服,每日1劑。
  2.心律失常用本方加味:熟地黃24克,山茱萸12克,山藥l2克,牡丹皮9克,白茯苓9克,澤瀉9克,苦參20克。水煎服,每日1劑。
  3.糖尿病用本方丸劑,每次6~9克,每日2~3次,同時結合飲食控制。
  4.慢性腎功能衰竭 本方連用1~2個月,作為輔助治療,有較好的療效。
  5.消化系統腫瘤可作為治療原發性肝癌的輔助用藥。用本方丸劑,每日2次;同時配合維生素C 200毫克,每日3次,連服6個月到1年,對甲胎蛋白轉陰和防止轉移有較好的作用。長服本丸對防治食道癌亦有一定的作用。另外,應用本方加味:熟地黃30克,山茱萸12克,山藥12克,牡丹皮15克,自茯苓10克,澤瀉10克,川芎20克,莪術20克,雞血藤30克,天門冬15克。水煎,每日I劑,長期服用,對胃癌患者有改善症狀、增加食慾、提高生存率的作用。
  6.化療不良反應在胃癌化療和惡性淋巴瘤化療的同時,加服六味地黃口服液,可減輕化療藥的不良反應,改善造血功能,增強機體免疫能力。
  此外,本方還可用於治療黃褐斑、週期性麻痺、小兒睾九鞘膜積液、更年期綜合征、男性不育症、前列腺增生症、慢性失音、視神經或視網膜病變、再生障礙性貧血,均取得了較好的療效。